Definition

      Permafrost refers to a soil in which its temperature has been maintained below 0°C (freezing point of water, 32°F) for more than two years. Most permafrost is located in high-altitude areas close to the North Pole and Antarctica, but alpine permafrost formed at high elevations can also exist at low latitudes. Ice freezing is a frequent phenomenon, but ice does not always occur in the case of non-porous bases. Perpetual frozen soil accounts for 0.022% of the Earth's moisture and is present in 24% of the soil exposed to the Northern Hemisphere.

     Perpetual frozen soil refers to sediments, soil, or bedrock that does not melt in the summer, and stay frozen throughout the year for more than two years. Permafrost has a surface area of 2,100 km,  which takes up about 14% of the earth's surface. It is mainly located in the Arctic high altitudes, and also in the frozen soil on the shallow continental shelf of the Arctic Ocean. This area contains old organic carbon deposits, as well as trapped methane. Some are remnants of the last ice age, and contain at least twice as much carbon as currently present in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. If this significant amount is emitted, the atmospheric concentration of these gasses will increase and the atmospheric temperature will increase due to their greenhouse effects, contributing to the already severe global warming.  
 

     Land-based zero-guiding soil is covered with the surface of the active layer that thaws in summer and forms part of the tundra ecosystem, If the temperature increases further than presently in the spring and summer, the active layer will become thicker and the amount of organic carbon that can be decomposed by microorganisms will increase. However, as the climate warms, Arctic flora will absorb more CO2 through photosynthesis, complicating the Arctic carbon balance between absorption and emission. Hydrological conditions are also involved in this, and the complexity of the Arctic environment in warming is still low in confidence in which region size will be more dominant in several processes.